(2020) 'as a negative emotion composed of disengagement, dissatisfaction, attention deficit, altered time perception and decreased vitality' (p. Foreign Language Classroom Boredom which was conceptualized by Pawlak et al. (2021), illuminated that such negative feelings and behaviors usually arise from class activities that are perceived by learners as over-challenging or underchallenging (repetitive, monotonous, undiversified) and/or unimportant, irrelevant, uninteresting, meaningless, and insufficiently stimulating. 2) is another NE that is highly associated with negative feelings, such as declined self-regulation, demotivation (Kruk and Zawodniak, 2018), low persistence, low activation and lack of interest, restlessness, anxiety, frustration, helplessness, dislike, unpleasant state of passiveness, guilt, tiredness, sleepiness, disengagement, and dissatisfaction (Li et al., 2021). For example, using cross-lagged panel analysis, Alamer and Lee (2021) found that a decrease in anxiety depends on increasing achievement and not the other around.

It is argued that FLLB is a crucial addition to the emerging field of foreign language (FL) learning emotion research. Through surveying 808 students in a pilot and 2,223 in the main study, a 7-factor Foreign Language Learning Boredom Scale (FLLBS) with 32 items was constructed and validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as well as further validity and reliability analyses. Study 2 used the new conceptualization to develop and validate a new scale for FLLB.

The data allowed a multidimensional conceptualization of Foreign Language Learning Boredom (FLLB), empirically supporting the control-value theory in educational psychology. Perceptions of boredom in learning English. In Study 1, 22 students and 11 English teachers were interviewed and 659 students responded to an open questionnaire, recalling and describing their experiences and This article reports on a two-step investigation of foreign language learning boredom amongst Chinese university non-English-major EFL students and English teachers.

Foreign language learning and healing